The Narrative Paradigm By Scott Stroud - 1299 Words

Scott Stroud in his article Multivalent narratives: Extending the Narrative Paradigm with Insights from Ancient Indian Philosophical Texts critiques the narrative paradigm by pointing out its weaknesses and proposing revisions to the existing paradigm using ancient Indian philosophical narratives. Stroud claims that Fisher’s paradigm is too limiting and conservative when dealing with foreign concepts and texts. The narrative paradigm does not allow people to experience new stories that may differ from their traditional stories challenging their values and/ or accepting new ones (Stroud, p. 372). Our judgment of a narrative is based on what we believe is just or true. New ideas or thoughts or values are not given a chance using the†¦show more content†¦Knowing that man is separate from Dattatreya will lead to â€Å"the mind being cleansed† and salvation. This narrative also says that Dattatreya is of this world, residing in everything of earth. The story argues against the separation of the subordinate and the deity, saying, â€Å"There is no Shepard, no flock† (as cited in Stroud, 2002). The deity tells man in order to achieve salvation he must meditate and work, but man should do neither in order to gain reward, â€Å"taking care to chose actions wisely as those choices will impact future salvation† (Stroud, 2002, p. 382). This text is full of contradictions; the deity is separate from man, the deity is with man and of the world, meditate and work to gain salvation, meditation and work are not important and will not gain man salvation. The second text is equally confusing and contradictory within itself and to the first text. The Devi Gita is a goddess of divine power who urges the reader to be devout only to her. She says she is also separate from the world, only later in the text to claim she is of this world and with man. Meditation is important to achieve salvation however meditating in hopes of salvation or to please t he ego is not pleasing to her. Stroud claims that the narrative paradigm as it is now is not efficient in rendering an outcome for the western reader of these texts, which involve incoherence

Fast Capitalism And Its Effect On Organizations - 926 Words

In order to compete in the global economy, organizations are in a constant state of transformation, and are fixated on accelerating production processes in order to maximize efficiency resulting in more profit. Today’s organizations are less concerned with the production of useful goods and services, but are more concerned with increasing shareholder value (Grey, 2009). This is known as fast capitalism, or maximizing value for shareholders. This paper will attempt to reveal what events led up to fast capitalism, and some of the consequences that have resulted from this modern economic system of business. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate why fast capitalism is not sustainable and detrimental to organizations. One event that contributed to fast capitalism was â€Å"the whole-sale deregulation of financial markets in the 1980s† (Grey, 2009, p. 112). This resulted in constant change in organizations, and a continual search for ways to speed up production in order to remain competitive. Another event Grey (2009) mentions is â€Å"the collapse of the Bretton Woods agreement (the system which had regulated international trade and currency movements since the end of the Second World War) in the 1970s† (p. 113). This resulted in the reorganization through mergers and acquisitions. Prior to the emergence of fast capitalism, organizational names often identified them with their location or community. â€Å"A localized employer, rooted in an area with a workforce that hasShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Industrial Revolution1326 Words   |  6 Pagesforces, among them capitalism, technology, globalization, and issues of equality. Describe these forces in detail and analyze their impact on the structure and culture workplace. 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This has led it to be very involved in political matters and along with the meat industry, it has a very strong hold over food politics. The effects of this on the American society have become noticeable, with

Gertrude Stein and Cubist Poetry Essay Example For Students

Gertrude Stein and Cubist Poetry Essay Pamela Hades does not find Gertrude Steins work incomprehensible like so many others. Hades sees an unconventional coded style of writing in Tender Buttons using: rods, biographical elements that especially deal with her personal relationships, and universal themes of difference to drive meaning in her writing. Pamela Hades shows the innovation and unique usage of Steins language. In an interview with Robert Has in 1946 Stein claims that she became interested in individual words (as oppose to paragraphs or sentences), l took individual words and thought about them until I got their weight and volume complete and put them next to one another word, and at this same time I found out very soon that there is no such thing as putting them together without sense. It is impossible to put them together without sense. I made innumerable efforts to make words write without sense and found it impossible. Hades 58-59) The sounds of words, the multiple meaning of words, and other modernist views on word usage drive this undeniable meaning behind Gertrude Steins writing. Pamela Hades brings meaning to these words in a way that we can understand as one defined thing. I argue that the abstraction in Gertrude Steins writing is layered with meaning that we view like a painting and let the work lend itself to more than one definition. Through the manipulation of words Gertrude St ein creates cubist writing that is multidimensional. Pamela Hades flattens the magnitude of Gertrude Steins Tender Buttons. I believe that Hades article brings biographical elements that lend themselves to a stricter meaning of Gertrude Steins work. Many writers draw from their own lives when writing but I believe Steins true purpose is to create something new, innovative, and abstract. Hades defines Tender Buttons as: a story of how one lives with perceptions of change and differences of all sorts, from the unreliable meanings of language to those psychological differences between men and women, past and future, brother ND sisters, and signs of life among them. All these differences are reflected in the inhabiting perceptions that Stein bring to the objects, food, and rooms that constitute her most private life (Hades 61). Tender Buttons is not strictly Gertrude Steins private life but rather lifes universal simplicity, order, or lack thereof. I believe that Gertrude Steins work in Tender Buttons uses elements from art to build up her writing in a four dimensional world filled with imagery, sound, repetition, shapes, and color. Her words are like brush strokes and placed particularly to structure her ententes and paragraphs creating a style that is not strictly prose, or poetry, or essay. Therefore it cannot be confined to a traditional two dimensional approach to writing words on worlds with words word w. Around the time Gertrude Stein wrote Tender Buttons she was experiencing an emotionally driven relationship shift. Stein was very close with her brother and he ends up moving out of their house because Gertrude Stein had found the love of her life in a woman named, Alice B. Toasts. Leo Stein, Gertrude Steins brother, was very close to his sister growing up but was uncomfortable with his sisters open sexuality. Pamela Hades uses this biographical information to argue a good deal of the meaning behind Steins words and themes in Tender Buttons. The following exert from Gertrude Steins Tender Buttons is analyzed by Pamela Hades from a biographical stand point. Hades believes that this passage is about Steins personal relationships while I argue that this passage lends its meaning more to the human understanding of space and time and not Gertrude Steins struggles to balance her relationship with her brother and her lover, Alice Toasts. Pamela Hades writes: For Gertrude Stein the permanent relationship with Alice could be seen as restitution for the loss of Leo. In addition, the writing of Tender Buttons itself seems intended to fill a real or at least potential vacancy. Thus, A large box is handily made of what is necessary to replace any substance A custom which is necessary when a box is used and taken is that a large part of the time there are three which have different connections(Hades 66). I disagree with Hades that the use of three refers to Gertrude Stein, Leo Stein, and Alice. I find this to be an analysis of relationships in the universe as a whole. An article entitled, There is no there here: Gertrude Stein and Quantum Physics an article written by Jan D Creakiness supports my argument that Stein is writing about space and time. The article says that Steins writing shares a reinterpretation of physical reality that is strikingly similar to the way quantum physics interprets reality. Both Gertrude Stein and the study of quantum physics analyze life on a macroscopic level realizing the unavoidable structure of space and time commenting on the relationships that atoms and molecules have. How do the poets express their different attitudes towards love in their poems EssayThese small facets are like Steins macroscopic awareness of words for the objects she works with. Cubist art uses abstract techniques Just like Gertrude Stein giving her writing greater dimension. Jamie Wilder writes an article entitled After all one must know more than one sees and one does not see a cube in its entirety: Gertrude Stein and Picasso and Cubism that supports my argument in Gertrude Steins connection with Pablo Picasso which drove her writing to utilize cubist philosophy. Jamie Wilder writes: In 1938, Gertrude Stein published Picasso, a book which is part biography and part criticism of Pablo Picasso work and time. In it Stein claims l was alone at time in understanding him perhaps because I was expressing the same thing in literature. The comparison between Steins work in the period around Tender Buttons, the period of her literary portraiture, and cubist movement in painting that Picasso helped create has been a popular one in the history of her works critical reception. Hitler 67) These similarities in approach to art stem from their use of objects. Pablo Picasso famously depicts guitars into a line of artwork the same way Gertrude Stein depicts objects in Tender Buttons. Pablo Picasso guitars are a geometrical representation of the shapes associated with guitars but does not specifically look like a traditional guitar painted in a realistic way. Stein is multidimensional in her writing Just as Pablo Picasso is in his cubist artwork. Wendy Steiner describes the cubist forces behind Gertrude Steins writing and the intelligence that drives abstraction with a meaning that is more than Pamela Hades argues in her paper, Spreading the Difference: One Way to Read Gertrude Steins Tender Buttons: To think of history in a new way, not as a plotted narrative moving toward a resolution, but as a cubist painting whose elements maintain their heterogeneity-?objects people things, signs, the banal; the dramatic; the contemporaneous, the anachronism-?in the aesthetic structure of relations (Wilder 68). The innovation and versatility in Steins writing appears to be rooted in cubist philosophy. In This is This Dress, Eider we absolutely see what Wendy Steiner is describing by saying the heterogeneity in words. The word Eider has many possible connotations. Many believe Eider is a nickname for Alice; it can mean to aid her as in to help a girl; possibly a reference to the sexual disease AIDS and the spreading of this disease, maybe it is the British pronunciation of idea; or maybe its a noun for someone who is a helper. Each of these interpretations works and helps to add to the depths of her writing. The words she uses are picked one by one to create this meaning that is multidimensional. Jamie Wilder points out that because the word lends itself to many pronunciations the reader may begin to Just see a chain of teeters and these; possible pronunciations resist visualization in a manner similar to the way a cubist canvas resists organized viewing by exploiting intersecting planes and simultaneous perspectives, and eliminating the vanishing point (Wilder 70). The layers of her work make it no wonder that so many readers struggle with Tender Buttons so much. Each section of this work is its own picture intended to be looked at, sounded out, and interpreted through many perspectives. Even the title of Tender Buttons makes it clear that Gertrude Steins writing is concerned with more than what is simply on the surface. What is a tender button is it sexual; is it sensitive; is it beauty barely held together; or does it have to be one way in this Steins multidimensional writing? The magnitude that Gertrude Stein understood is amazing: If the movement takes place on the surface, then all things become equal (Hitler 75). She did not intend her work to be superficial. Gertrude Stein resisted traditional writing due to her interest of philosophical awareness. Stein expressed deep thought into the workings of the universe and life rejecting the scientific method because of its limits to popular perception. Gertrude Stein was not rely a traditional poet with structured boundaries that we can enclose her in like Pamela Hades proposes. Stein is a hybrid thinker that cant be put in a box because she is thinking outside of this box, this object becoming a true definition for modern artist. Gertrude Stein and her work in Tender Buttons is multidimensional and cannot be analyzed in textbook writing standards. Her writing provides more than a possible glimpse of what she experienced in her life and is more complex than Pamela Hades gives her credit for in the article, Spreading the Difference: One Way to Read Gertrude Steins Tender Buttons. Through philosophical understanding, range of magnitude in dimension and time, repetition, and other unique elements Gertrude Stein creates writing that is in many ways like cubist art.

Y2k Essays (3187 words) - Cardiac Electrophysiology, Medical Devices

Y2k This year, most of the world is preparing to celebrate the year 2000 and the coming of a new millennium. However, many businesses, manufacturers, banks and hospitals are quietly hoping for an uneventful new year's transition. At midnight on December 31, many businesses will be anticipating what effects the millennium rollover will have on computer software and other equipment that contain a time sensitive chip called an embedded chip. Early computer programmers, in an effort to conserve limited memory space, programmed computers to read the year in only two digits. So computers read 15 as 1915, and 02 as 1902, and so on. Thus, when the year 2000 arrives, many computer programs might go from December 31, 1999 to January 1, 1900. Some computers will cease to function, or ?crash?. Needless to say, if these programs control functions such as electricity, airline travel, or communications, the results could be disastrous. Many companies and governments have spent countless hours and untold dollars making software Y2K (year 2 thousand) compatible. The consequences of not preparing for the Y2K problem could spell disaster for the company involved. For example, a small Midwestern manufacturer encountered a similar date-related problem in 1996 (a leap year) when the company did not realize that their entire computer network would be affected by the extra day in the year. When the year 1997 turned over, all systems shut down. This malfunction caused the liquid solutions being produced to freeze, causing them to destroy the pipelines they ran through. This disaster cost the company over $1 million in new equipment. The catastrophe caused massive delivery delays to their customers, and the company believes numerous customer accounts were lost as a result. This is just a small example of what could happen when computer software and related equipment is not tested for Y2K compatibility. Now, imagine the confusion and disaster that could result from a similar incident occurring in a hospital--where lives, not inventory, are at stake. ?Code Blue 2000? is the term used to describe the possible breakdown of the world's hospital software and related medical devices. Most hospital organizations have prepared themselves for any problems that might occur with their software and medical equipment. It is the organizations that ignore the potential problem that will most likely loose valuable patient information, and in extreme cases, have their ability to furnish adequate health care reduced. Major Hospital in Shelbyville, Indiana, has a team of computer scientists currently testing the hospital's computer system's software for Y2K compatibility. First, mock systems are tested to determine what will actually happen when the year changes. Then, obsolete software and equipment is replaced with Y2K compliant equipment. Major Hospital has spent over a half-million dollars on research of the Y2K problem. This research is extremely costly to an organization, but the alternative--ignoring the problem--could be catastrophic. This report will cover the numerous ways the Y2K problem could affect hospitals. The first and most important area that will be reviewed is the manner in which the Y2K problem could affect patients. The Y2K problem could adversely affect the biomedical devices some patients rely on for life-sustaining purposes. Then, the potential problems on the clerical side of hospital administration will be explored; focusing on patients' medical records and accounts. Finally, the possible adverse effects on utilities such as electricity, gas, and water will be discussed. A hospital is a place that a person should feel safe and secure. This report will describe the steps being taken by hospitals to ensure that their patients' peace of mind and sense of security is unaltered. The Y2K problem is a concern for hospitals worldwide for a variety of reasons. Perhaps the most pressing concern are the biomedical devices, which contain computer software, that many patients rely on. Some critical biomedical devices are pacemakers, fetal monitors, Magnetic Resonance Imaging machines (MRI's), and heart defibrillators. One of the most important biomedical devices that could be affected by the Y2K problem is the pacemaker. A pacemaker is a biomedical, electronic device implanted in the wall of the heart designed to detect irregular heartbeats and provide regular, mild, electric shocks that restore normalcy to the heartbeat. The pacemaker then records the time an electric shock was administered; this information can then be downloaded to a computer system and analyzed by medical personnel. Cardiologists use this information to detect patterns and irregularities in the patient's heart rhythms. If the software were to record faulty times for the shock deliveries, the cardiologist could misinterpret the results and administer improper medical

Legislation Health and Social Care free essay sample

In this document you will find an overview of some of the Government Policy and legislation which has an impact on workers in health and social care settings. You will be able to identify the legislation that most affects the work you do, and will have a broad understanding of the International, European and UK Government policy that has an impact upon the way we must work. Plans for genuine partnership working between health and social services lie at the heart of the governments strategy to modernise the management and delivery of social care. The emphasis is upon empowerment, person centred planning, public protection and a well trained and regulated workforce to deliver quality services. You will see the trends in the following pages as legislation, policy and guidelines all reflect the same aim. There will often be differences between the four countries of the UK as devolution has enabled each country to focus upon their own priorities. We will write a custom essay sample on Legislation Health and Social Care or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page How devolution affects health and social care workers Devolution is the process by which power has been transferred from Westminster to three countries of the UK. The framework for devolution is laid down in the Scotland Act 1998, the Government of Wales Act 1998 and the Northern Ireland Act 1998. There are different levels of devolved responsibilities for each country. Scotland has a Parliament and an Executive based upon the Westminster model. Under the Scotland Act 1998, the Parliament can pass Acts and the Executive can make secondary legislation in many areas. Under the Government of Wales Act 1998, powers in certain areas have been delegated to the National Assembly for Wales. The Assembly can make secondary legislation in these ‘devolved areas’, but primary legislation for Wales is still made by the UK Parliament. Devolution in Northern Ireland is linked closely to the success of the peace process; issues with this have led to the Assembly and Executive being suspended several times. When in operation the Northern Ireland Assembly can make primary and secondary legislation in ‘delegated areas’. This means that although in health and social care the four ountries do work closely together, there will often be different priorities, policy and guidance, depending on where people live and work, as each country will define its own way forward based on research which identifies the needs of individuals in their country. This can be confusing for people who live on the borders of Scotland or Wales, where there are often conflicting requirements in terms of qualification requirements for staff or differences in National Service Standards. It is important to make sure that any legislative requirements, White Papers, policies or guidance you use to underpin your work are the right ones. The White Paper Modernising Social Services set the scene for developments that have changed the face of social care in England over the past few years. You will see common themes, which underpin the ethos of legislation, growing in strength and being reflected in the way service provision is delivered. As you read through the next few pages and identify the parts that are most relevant to the area in which you work you will find everything emphasises empowerment of individuals receiving services, public protection, flexible needs led services, Health Social Care NVQs Legislation England partnership and a service that centres upon the needs of each individual. All of this depends upon the UK having a well trained and regulated workforce. Modernising Social Services The White Paper ‘Modernising social services promoting independence, improving protection, raising standards’ was published on1st January 1998. It outlined the governments plans for modernising social service provision, emphasising the importance of promoting independence, public protection and ensuring the delivery of quality services for adults and children. It also introduced a new system of regulation, workforce standards, and the establishment of a General Social Care Council. It emphasised the importance of partnership with the NHS and non-statutory bodies, and produced a framework for cooperation between local authorities and central government to promote the delivery of efficient, high quality services. Branded the ‘third way’ for social care, it identified important ‘key principles’: ? care should be provided to people in a way that supports their independence and respects their dignity. People should be able to receive the care they need without their life having to be taken over by the social services system. services should meet each individuals specific needs, pulling together social services, health, housing, education or any others needed. And people should have a say in what services they get and how they are delivered. care services should be organised, accessed, provided and financed in a fair, open and consistent way in every part of the country. hildren who for whatever reason need to be looked after by local authorities should get a decent start in life, with the same opportunities to make a success of their lives as any child. In particular they should be assured of a decent education. every person child or adult should be safeguarded against abuse, neglect or poor treatment whilst receiving care. Where abuse does take place, the system should take firm action to put a stop to it. people who receive social services should have an assurance that the staff they deal with are sufficiently trained and skilled for the work they are doing. And staff themselves should feel included within a framework which recognises their commitment, assures high quality training standards and oversees standards of practice people should be able to have confidence in their local social services, knowing that they work to clear and acceptable standards, and that if those standards are not met, action can be taken to improve things. ? ? ? ? ? ? Useful web site www. archive. official-documents. co. uk/document/cm41/4169/chap-1. htm Health Social Care NVQs Legislation England Equality Legislation Over the past 30 years a number of different pieces of equality and equality related legislation have been introduced. You are not expected to become an expert on any or all of them. The following section summarises the key legislation and principle concepts, which you are most likely to encounter and find useful on a day-to-day basis. The Equal Opportunities Commission works to eliminate sex discrimination in 21st Century. The organisation promotes equal chances in life for women and men. They provide up-to-date information for all Four Nations of the UK, their web site is an excellent resource for equal opportunities can be found at the following address: http://www. eoc. org. uk Arndale House, Arndale Centre Manchester M4 3EQ Email: [emailprotected] org. uk Fax: 0161 838 1733 Tel: 0845 601 5901 The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 This Act protects people from discrimination on the grounds of sex and marital status. Exceptions to the Act include genuine occupational requirements. The Act applies to both men and women. The inclusion or marital status was an important feature of the Act. The reason for including this alongside gender is to prevent employers from making, and acting upon, assumptions that married women are more likely to have child care responsibilities and are therefore less reliable or less committed employees. Further information can be found on: www. pfc. org. uk/legal/sda. htm 36 Broadway London SW1H 0BH Email: [emailprotected] org. uk Tel: 0207 222 1110 Fax: 0207 222 2771 Health Social Care NVQs Legislation England Equal Pay Act 1976 The Equal Pay Act gives women (or men) a right to equal pay for equal work. The equal pay code is aimed at employers, but employees and employee representatives may also find it useful. The code aims to help employers, employees and their representatives by giving practical guidance on how to ensure pay is determined without sex discrimination. The Act applies to both genders, full, part time, or casual or temporary workers regardless of length of service. The Race Relations Act 1976 This Act protects people from discrimination on the grounds of race, colour, nationality and ethnic or national origins. The Act defines racial discrimination as less favourable treatment on racial grounds and identifies several ways in which such treatment may occur. A person racially discriminates against another if: ? ? He or she treats the person less favourably than he or she treats, or would treat another person on racial grounds or He or she applies a requirement or condition to that other person which is such that the proportion of the person’s racial group which can comply with it is considerably smaller than the proportions of persons not of their racial group Further information can be found on: www. omeoffice. gov. uk Victimisation Victimisation is unlawful, it occurs when another person is treated less favourably because they have made or intend to make a complaint or may have assisted another person in making a complaint of discrimination. A person has the right to make a complaint without prejudice to their existing, potential or future equal opportunities. Direct discrimination To treat a person less favourably than another person is or would be treated in the same or similar circumstances on racial grounds is known as direct discrimination. The motive or intention behind the treatment doesn’t matter. For example, it would be unlawful for a nursing home to refuse to admit a person simply because he or she is black, white or Asian or because of the colour of his or her skin. Indirect discrimination An example of indirect discrimination is when an employer tells an employment agency that his care setting only wanted people who spoke good English without a foreign accent. Although the employer did not specify that he would employ white people only, the effect of the condition was to exclude many people from minority ethnic groups and is unlawful. Further information can be found on: www. racialjustice. org. uk/Indirect%20Discrimination. htm Health Social Care NVQs Legislation England Race Relations Amendment Act 2000 This Act places a statutory obligation on all public bodies to develop a race equality policy and action plan, not only to eliminate race equality but proactively to promote equality between different racial groups, to assess the impact of all its policies on staff and students from different racial groups, to ensure that all staff are trained in their duties regarding promoting race equality.

The Economic History Of Western Europe During The Period Between 1950 To 1973 Essays

The Economic History Of Western Europe During The Period Between 1950 To 1973 Essays The Economic History Of Western Europe During The Period Between 1950 To 1973 Essay The Economic History Of Western Europe During The Period Between 1950 To 1973 Essay Essay Topic: History The aim of this essay is to analyze whether the term Golden Age referring to the European growth during the years from 1950 to 1973 was justified as a term to describe Western Europes economic history. In order to come to a complete understanding on why the years between 1950 and 1973 were characterized as being the Golden Age and to define whether the term was justified, it will be necessary to first examine the history of Western Europe at the time as well as the economical factors that ruled and took place. During the years 1950 and 1973, there was a significant rapid change and development in Europes economical growth. This success was a result of many factors and contributed to the welfare and wider benefit. During the Golden Age everyone experienced a rapid economic growth, modest inflation and low unemployment. The growth rate for the European economy was more than twice as high in the 1950 -1973 period than in the previous 80 years. The macro-economic status was in its best throughout this period than it has ever been. This growth was an outcome of many social factors some of which are: 1. The period between 1950 and 1973 was a period of post-war reconstruction, a period which promised an opportunity for rapid growth if guided by the correct policy. This was an advantage as before 1950, since 1913 the European economical factors had experienced two world wars, which meant that the existing growth had been very low at the time. This is also the reason why the countries which were more devastated by the war, such as Italy, Germany Austria and Japan were able to have the best growth pick-up and the countries that were less devastated such as Australia, Canada, Switzerland and the United States were faced with a reduced pick-up growth. 2. AS Asian economies were rapidly growing, pressures coming to the surface as a result of the competition were identified. A large percentage up to 93 per cent, of all manufactured exports was gained by the developed countries in 1965. However the de-industrialization of Europe was beginning. 3. As pointed out by N.F.R Craft another aspect was that the United States based on the advantage of using more advanced technological equipment, was able to have a larger scale of productivity than Europe did. By 1950 American manufacturing was 2.5 times the British level, 2.75 times the West German level and 3.1 the French level (Schulze 43). 4. During the period 1950 to 1970, materials such as energy were low priced. After 1973 up until 1980 there was a very high raise in prices. The price of oil was raised from $2.1 to $35.5 a barrel. From the following table we can observe the income elasticities and growth rates for the period 1955-1965. As Houthakker and Maggee,(1969) conclude, a high income elasticity of demand for exports and a low elasticity for imports is the main income pattern for fast- growing countries. A stable real exchange rate can be accomplished through this phenomenon. However as Krugman (1989) suggested, we can not imply that the elasticity income alone develops fast growth. The growth of Europe can be seen as a result of the expansion of its share of world markets by expanding the range of goods, rather than reducing prices. The period between 1950 and 1973 is conventionally known as the Golden Age of European economic growth (Crafts, 1995a). with no doubt we can say that technology transfer was an important influence leading to the integration of European markets, price changes, greater codification of knowledge, and the proliferation of multinational enterprise (Nelson and Wright, 1992). However these components were not the only influence. The transfer of workers from agriculture as well as post-war reconstruction was important to the catch-up growth. Even though there was a bounce back from the disruption of the world wars and interwar depression and protectionism, in general, European countries did far better than merely get back on a pre-existing growth trend (Mills and Crafts, 2000). Referring to the cheap technology as an explanation for the rapid economical growth for the period 1950 to 1973 leading to the golden Age, Boltho (1982) argues: If cheap technology and abundant labor and raw materials were not novel features of industrial Europe, something else must still explain why in the 1950s and 1960s they led to supergrowth Such an explanation would seem to have come from the demand side. . Boltho(1982) As (Abramovitz, 1986) described, in order for the catch-up in the early postwar Europe to take place and be successful it was necessary to have a social capability meaning that structures that would encourage investment and innovation had to be present. However in many countries social contracts that facilitated wage moderation in return for high investment in a corporatist setting accompanied by trade liberalization were developed (Eichengreen, 1996). The catch-up growth outcomes during the Golden Age, was not the same for all countries. This is totally understandable if one considers the importance of institutions in growth. The period of 1950-1973 is justified when characterized with the term Golden Age as the fast economic growth in Western European countries produced an improvement in labor as well as the raise of the welfare for the state and the social economy. Higher employment rates and employment opportunities were produced, benefiting workers and their families. The increase demand in labor is accomplished by increasing the demand for products as well as the prices of products which are produced and exported. As mentioned previously in this essay, the Golden Age also meant the increase of the GDP for the sample of 141 countries the increase was from 1.73 in 1950 to 2.50 and to 3.09 in the 1990s . Throughout this essay many opinions, statements, notions and theories were stated and analyzed, in order to come to a conclusion on whether scholars were justified in using the term Golden Age to refer and describe the economic history of Western Europe during the period between 1950-1973. in order to come to a conclusion some facts such as some major points and aspects that lead to the development of the Golden Age as well as the advantages of that period were analyzed. The period of 1950-1973 was indeed a Golden Age for the individuals as well as the wider society and the state. There is no dispute that this period was successful in terms of macro-economic performance as the real growth rate for the world economy was more than twice as high than was before or even since. Throughout the Golden Age unemployment remained low, leading every segment to a wider range of choices, opportunities and in general a better life. Apart from individuals the state also benefited during that period as the growth in scale of the economy led to rising trade.

Contingency theory and Corporate Social Responsibility Essay

Contingency theory and Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example An organization placed in the context of a globally interactive environment is in a position to reap huge profits through an efficient organization of its resources and effective coordination between its component elements. No one standard organizational method can be said to be the best way, rather every organization must determine the optimum fit between its component elements. As a result, the Contingency Theory is becoming increasingly relevant in the present day context, especially in maintaining ethical standards of corporate conduct and organizational integrity. The Contingency Theory may be applied in the analysis of the complex interactions occurring among the different dimensions of any particular phenomenon within an organization. As first mooted by Herbert Simon (1976), the contingency organizational theory revolves around the interaction of the organization with the environment and its impact upon the performance outcomes of the individuals within the organization. According to Zeithaml, Varadarajan and Zeithaml (1988), the existing situational factors play a significant role in how organizations are managed, and must be taken into account in order to arrive at one best way in which an organization can be managed for optimum performance and output. These authors suggest a three pronged approach in determining this best solution (a) the identification of important situational factors which function as contingency variables that provide the distinctions between the different situational contexts (b) grouping of these contingency variabl es on the basis of similarity of the contexts that they occur in and (c) analyze each group in order to arrive at the best possible solution and management style and method that is likely to produce the best results (Zeithaml, Varadarajan and Zeithaml, 1988). The Contingency Theory perspective first developed through